The " Plastic Effect "- Fixing the Waste

So Sorry Friends for Being late...In Last Two Segments we've gone through the other two partshttp://youriota.blogspot.in/2012/10/the-plastic-effect-hazards-this-time
&http://youriota.blogspot.in/2012/09/the-plastic-effect-know-your-plastic.html
To Close this Plastic Chapter we will Discuss its Last and Final Subject today...

                              How to Fix this Plastic Waste ??
Definitely answer is not going to be Very easy...because it is Not degradable like Organic Waste...
It is undegradable product...so fixing it Properly is a BIG challenge....
Today through this Post we will Discuss how We can manage this Plastic Waste in Proper Manner !!!

Let's start with some facts-

Of the options for managing plastic waste, re-use and waste minimisation are seen to have little impact on overall reduction compared with recycling and energy recovery.

Landfill is the other option for managing plastic waste and indeed is by far the most used; for instance in Western Europe in 2005, 53% of plastic was disposed of into landfill....

    Current Trends

1. Landfill:
   disposal of plastic waste is dropping by 2% annually as available space is diminishing.
2. Recycling:
   Technological developments are facilitating new ways of recycling plastic.Governments are legislating to promote it and Civil society is co-operating in recycling.
3. Incineration:
   Uncontrolled incineration of plastics produce carcinogenic   poly-chlorinated-di-benzo-p-dioxins, a cancer causing chemical.it also causes emissions of toxic fumes.
   

We can Go for the Recycling and Incineration Methods because the land Fill Creates some poisonous Gases like Methane,CO & CO2...
So a Brief Description Of these methods can be Introduced...

1. RECYCLING Of Plastic Waste:
   
   Plastic recycling is the process of recovering scrap or waste plastic and reprocessing the material into useful products, sometimes completely different in form from their original state. For instance, this could mean melting down soft drink bottles and then casting them as plastic chairs and tables. Typically a plastic is not recycled into the same type of plastic, and products made from recycled plastics are often not recyclable.
           Some challenges Which are faced Commonly during the Procedure,is When compared to other materials like glass and metal, plastic polymers require greater processing (heat treating, thermal depolymerization and monomer recycling) to be recycled.
   Recycling a PET bottle still costs more than producing a new one, with the result that the recycling rate for PET bottles in Europe is around 25%. The situation is even worse for other plastics. Recycling rates for polystyrene are 2%.

   Mechanical Recycling

   'mechanical recycling recovers the plastic material for similar or lower-quality plastics'

   Feedstock Recycling

   'Feedstock recycling turns the plastic waste by means of chemical reactions into chemical raw materials or fuels
   1. Represents only 2% of total plastics recycling in Western Europe, for instance
   2. Recycling treatments have high investment costs
   3. Economics more favorable with larger volumes
   4. Requirement for plastic sorting
   5. Liquefaction
      A type of Feedstock recycling converts plastics into hydrocarbon mixtures that are useful as fuels via thermal and /or catalytic cracking commercialised by H.Smart Inc and Ozmotech technology being developed to solve the issue of residual PVC in the waste.
   6. Thermal processes
      Thermal cracking of these plastics can achieve a worthwhile yield of starting monomers:
      Polystyrene (PS)Poly(methyl) methacrylate (PMMA)Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)
   7. Catalytic processes
      
                                             Did You Know??
      
      A first success in recycling of plastics is Vinyloop, a recycling process and an approach of the industry to separate PVC from other materials through a process of dissolution, filtration and separation of contaminations.
   
   
   
   
2. INCINERATION of Plastics:Controlled high-temperature incineration, above 850C for two seconds performed with selective additional heating, breaks down toxic dioxins and furans from burning plastic, and is widely used in municipal solid waste incineration.Municipal solid waste incinerators also normally include flue gas treatments to reduce pollutants further. . The problem occurs as the heat content of the waste stream varies. Open-air burning of plastic occurs at lower temperatures, and normally releases such  fumes

" Open burning is not an environmental acceptable solution for any kind of waste," the technical working group emphasized. "Incineration under environmentally sound conditions with energy recovery should be the preferred option compared to landfilling or incineration without energy recovery.

                                             -GENEVA, Switzerland, January 23, 2002 (ENS) 

New Tracks:
A latest technology has come into being that helps in converting this plastic waste disposal into a good source of green fuel. Not only does this technology helps save our environment from waste accumulation but also helps us save lot of money... Let us find out how...

= >> Plastic Waste Disposal Producing Green Fuel

This method is doubly environmentally friendly as it will reduce the volume of plastic waste being disposed of in the landfill while producing green fuel without generating any green house gases.

                            The process of converting plastic waste into bio-fuel is quite simple. It is similar to how alcohol is made. If you heat plastic waste in non oxygen environment, it will melt, but will not burn. After it has melted, it will start boiling and eventually evaporate. You just need to put those vapours through a cooling pipe and when cooled the vapours will condense to a liquid and some of the vapours with shorter hydrocarbon lengths will remain as a gas. The exit of the cooling pipe is then going through a bubbler containing water to capture the last liquid forms of fuel and leave only gas that is then burned. If the cooling of the cooling tube is sufficient, then there will be no fuel in the bubbler, but if not, the water will capture all the remaining fuel that will float above the water and can be poured off the water. On the bottom of the cooling tube is a steel reservoir that collects all the liquid and it has a release valve on the bottom so that the liquid fuel can be poured out.

Meanwhile, several companies have begun operating plants that convert waste plastic to bio-fuel by using a similar process. Among them, Cynar which is head quartered in London but had its first plant operating in Portlaoise in Ireland, aims to install up to 30 plants throughout the British Isles. Similar plants are already in operation in Thailand and India.

So here this Plastic Effect Finishes with it's final topic...

Do Post your Comment and Suggestions.....Keep loving and Saving earth !!

Sources:

1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic#Recycling
2. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic
3. http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/jan2002/2002-01-23-03.asp

The " Plastic Effect "- Hazards This Time

its Wednesday today,3rd October...so first of all  belated Happy Gandhi Jayanti and Lal Bahadur Shstri Jayanti to all of you...

I am is here again with it's Fourth post....

tonight i am going to discuss the hazards from various kind of plastics and it's effect on environment and living Species...i have projected a brief factual file of Plastic(Classifications,Production etc.) in my last post...

http://youriota.blogspot.in/2012/09/the-plastic-effect-know-your-plastic.html
start with it's evil side this time...

Q:  How dangerous are plastics for human?

A: Aquatic birds and fish routinely becomes victims because although plastic does undergo some biodegradation, it doesn’t thoroughly break down. And plastics and their additives aren’t just present in our environment, virtually all of us ingest them as well; plastic is consumed with the food we eat, the water we drink and from other sources.
Two classes of chemicals from plastic are of serious concern for human health: Bisphenol-A or BPA, and additives used in the synthesis of plastics, which are known as Phthalates. BPA is a basic building block of polycarbonate plastics, such as those used for bottled water, food packaging and other items. BPA is a synthetic estrogen and commonly used to strengthen plastic and line food cans. Scientists have linked it, though not conclusively, to everything from breast cancer to obesity, from attention deficit disorder to genital abnormalities in boys and girls alike.

           Some polymers may also decompose into the monomers or other toxic substances when heated. In 2011, it was reported that "almost all plastic products" sampled released chemicals with Estrogenic Activity, although the researchers identified plastics which did not leach chemicals with estrogenic activity.

BPA controversy:

.BPA, is an estrogen-like endocrine disruptor that may leach into food.Research in Environmental Health Perspectives finds that BPA leached from the lining of tin cans, dental sealants and polycarbonate bottles can increase body weight of lab animals' offspring. A more recent animal study suggests that even low-level exposure to BPA results in insulin resistance, which can lead to inflammation and heart disease.
Adding to the health risks associated with BPA is the fact that other ingredients are routinely added to plastics. Many of these potentially toxic components also can leach out over time. Among the most common is a chemical known as di-ethylhexyl phthalate or DEHP. In some products, like medical devices including IV bags or tubing, additives like DEHP can comprise nearly half of the of the product. “If you’re in a hospital, hooked up to an IV drip"

As of January 2010, the LA Times newspaper reports that the United States FDA is spending $30 million to investigate indications of BPA being linked to Cancer.

Bis(2-ethylhexyl) adipate, present in plastic wrap based on PVC, is also of concern, as are the volatile organic compounds present innew car smell.

The European Union has a permanent ban on the use of phthalates in toys. In 2009, the US government banned certain types of phthalates commonly used in plastic.

Q:  How dangerous are plastics for Environment ?
A:  Plastics are durable and degrade very slowly; the chemical bonds that make plastic so durable make it equally resistant to natural processes of degradation. Since the 1950s, one billion tons of plastic have been discarded and may persist for hundreds or even thousands of years. Perhaps the biggest environmental threat from plastic comes from nurdles, which are the raw material from which all plastics are made. They are tiny pre-plastic pellets that kill large numbers of fish and birds that mistake them for food.

Prior to the ban on the use of CFCs in extrusion of polystyrene (and general use, except in life-critical fire suppression systems;), the production of polystyrene contributed to the depletion of the ozone layer; however, non-CFCs are currently used in the extrusion process.


The Great Pacific Garbage Patch, also described as the Pacific Trash Vortex, is a gyre of marine litter in the central North Pacific Ocean located roughly between 135°W to 155°W and 35°N and 42°N. The patch extends over an indeterminate area, with estimates ranging very widely depending on the degree of plastic concentration used to define the affected area.

Plastic Photodegradation in the ocean

The Great Pacific Garbage Patch has one of the highest levels known of plastic particulate suspended in the upper water column. As a result, it is one of several oceanic regions where researchers have studied the effects and impact of plastic photodegradation in the neustonic layer of water. Unlike debris, which biodegrades, the photodegraded plastic disintegrates into ever smaller pieces while remaining a polymer. This process continues down to the molecular level.

As the plastic flotsam photodegrades into smaller and smaller pieces, it concentrates in the upper water column. As it disintegrates, the plastic ultimately becomes small enough to be ingested by aquatic organisms that reside near the ocean's surface. Thus, plastic waste enters the food chain through its concentration in the neuston.

Some plastics decompose within a year of entering the water, leaching potentially toxic chemicals such as bisphenol A, PCBs, and derivatives of polystyrene.

^{Because of the material’s longevity, plastics pile up in landfills and are occupying the world’s oceans in increasing quantity. Measurements from the most contaminated regions of the world’s oceans show that the mass of plastics exceeds that of plankton sixfold. Patches of oceanic garbage, called Gyres, are swirling vortexes of plastic bits. The North Pacific Gyre, one of several in the world, is expanding at such a rate that from the first time it was studied until now, it has grown from the size of the state of Texas to twice the size of the continental United States.  Halden Postulates:
Rolf Halden, Associate professor in the School of Sustainable Engineering at Arizona State University and assistant director of Environmental Biotechnology at the Biodesign Institute. Halden has undertaken a survey of existing scientific literature concerning the hazards of plastics to human health and to the ecosystems we depend on.his conclusions are pretty grim. Halden’s study reiterates the fact that the effects to the environment from plastic waste are severe.As Halden points out, annual production alone would fill a series of train cars encircling the globe. “We’re doomed to live with yesterday’s plastic pollution and we are exacerbating the situation with each day of unchanged behavior,” he said.                                 
                                            Halden explains, “the chemical that oozes out goes directly into your bloodstream, with no opportunity for detoxification in the gut. This can lead to unhealthy exposure levels, particularly in susceptible populations such as newborns.”}

Halden explains that although plastics have some beneficial and legitimate uses in society, their thoughtless misuse has led to a gravely unsustainable condition. “Today, there’s a complete mismatch between the useful lifespan of the products we consume and their persistence in the environment.” Prominent examples of offending products include single-use water bottles, Teflon-coated dental floss and cotton swabs made with plastic PVC sticks. All are typically used for seconds or minutes, yet will persist in the environment, sometimes for millennia.

Ultimately, developing petroleum-free materials for use in smart and sustainable plastics will become a necessity, driven not only by health and environmental concerns but by the world’s steadily declining oil supply. As Halden emphasizes, the manufacture of plastics currently accounts for about 8 percent of the world’s petroleum use, a sizeable chunk, which ultimately contributes to another global concern — the accumulation of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.

“We are at a critical juncture,” Halden notes, “and cannot continue under the modus that has been established. If we’re smart, we’ll look for replacement materials, so that we don’t have this mismatch–good for a minute and contaminating for 10,000 years.”


so the hazard part overs here...after a day or two i will be here with third and the last part of this PLASTIC EFFECT......So Meet you friends with the Last part of this Issue....
Till then Keep saving the Earth...Take care...
and yes please don't forget to comment on this Post...

                                   

SOURCES:

1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic
2. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Pacific_Garbage_Patch
3. http://www.annualreviews.org/journal/publhealth
4. https://www.google.co.in/

The " Plastic Effect "- Know Your Plastic

Friends with my third post again here i am...

after reading my last two posts i hope you people would have been started saving papers...Ahhhaaann !!

Hey i am just kidding guys... :)

so do you know what is steaming tonight in my mind????  Guesses???  Yeahh??...okkhhaayy..

It is nothing but the material we people are using since decades...so what is that??

My friends that is Plastic...which is used on large scale in Domestic,Commercial and Industrial purposes...
so what say...shouldn't we take a sight on plastic and its "Plastic Effects"

Do you really think,you know about this plastic completely?
I don't think so !!        okkkhhaayyy....okkkhhaayy....

Let's check your Plastic knowledge then...

Q:   What Is Plastic???

A:   " A material made from petroleum capable of being molded, extruded or cast into various shapes "

 A plastic material is any of a wide range of synthetic or semi-synthetic organic solids that are modifiable. Plastics are typically organic polymers of high molecular mass, but they often contain other substances. They are usually synthetic, most commonly derived from petrochemicals, but many are partially natural.

                                                      Did You Know   ? ? ? ? ?

 The word plastic is derived from the Greek " Plastikos " meaning capable of being      shaped or molded, from " Plastos " meaning  molded

Q : Categories of Plastic???

A : i would like to tell you,your Plastic has these several categorizations

you must be aware of them...so..here we go...

other used forms are....

• Polyester (PES) – Fibers, textiles.
• Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) – Carbonated drinks bottles, peanut butter jars, plastic film, microwavable packaging.
• Polyethylene (PE) – Wide range of inexpensive uses including supermarket bags, plastic bottles.
• High-density polyethylene (HDPE) – Detergent bottles, milk jugs, and molded plastic cases.
• Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) – Plumbing pipes and guttering, shower curtains, window frames, flooring.
• Polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC) (Saran) – Food packaging.
• Low-density polyethylene (LDPE) – Outdoor furniture, siding, floor tiles, shower curtains, clamshell packaging.
• Polypropylene (PP) – Bottle caps, drinking straws, yogurt containers, appliances, car fenders (bumpers), plastic pressure pipe systems.
• Polystyrene (PS) – Packaging foam/"peanuts", food containers, plastic tableware, disposable cups, plates, cutlery, CD and cassette boxes.
• High impact polystyrene (HIPS) -: Refrigerator liners, food packaging, vending cups.
• Polyamides (PA) (Nylons) – Fibers, toothbrush bristles, tubing, fishing line, low strength machine parts: under-the-hood car engine parts or gun frames.
• Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) – Electronic equipment cases (e.g., computer monitors, printers, keyboards), drainage pipe.
• Polyethylene/Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (PE/ABS) – A slippery blend of PE and ABS used in low-duty dry bearings.
• Polycarbonate (PC) – Compact discs, eyeglasses, riot shields, security windows, traffic lights, lenses.
• Polycarbonate/Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (PC/ABS) – A blend of PC and ABS that creates a stronger plastic. Used in car interior and exterior parts, and mobile phone bodies.
• Polyurethanes (PU) – Cushioning foams, thermal insulation foams, surface coatings, printing rollers (Currently 6th or 7th most commonly used plastic material, for instance the most commonly used plastic in cars)

in the above picture it is advised to avoid  (1)PET, (3) PVC, (6)PS, (7)Others .


Q:   Properties of Plastic?

A:   The properties of plastics are defined chiefly by the organic chemistry of the polymer such as hardness, density, and resistance to heat, organic solvents, oxidation, and ionizing radiation. In particular, most plastics will melt upon heating to a few hundred degrees celsius. While plastics can be made electrically conductive, with the conductivity of up to 80 ks/cm in stretch-oriented poly acetylene, they are still no match for most metals like copper which have conductivities of several hundreds ks/cm.

Some facts :

1. Early plastics were bio-derived materials such as egg and blood proteins, which are organic polymers. Treated cattle horns were used as windows for lanterns in the Middle Ages.
2. In the 1800's the development of plastics accelerated with Charles Goodyear's discovery of vulcanization as a route to thermoset materials derived from natural rubber. Many storied materials were reported as industrial chemistry was developed in the 1800's.
3. The plastic material, parkesine, was patented by Alexander Park es, In Birmingham, UK in 1856. It was unveiled at the 1862 Great International Exhibition in London.
4. The first so called plastic based on a synthetic polymer was made from phenol and formaldehyde, with the first viable and cheap synthesis methods invented in 1907, by Leo Hendrik Baekeland, a Belgian-born American living in New York state
5. Plastics were the material pegged to change the world; and they have had an amazing impact. But for all the technology and convenience borne from the polymer family, untold perils are becoming realized as well.
   
6. The average American produces a half-pound of plastic waste every day; while around the world, 300 million tons of the exceedingly durable material are produced each year.
7. Electrical and Electronic equipment and Motor Vehicle markets together accounted for 58 % of plastics demand in 2003.
8. 200 million tonnes of plastic manufactured annually around world And consumption rate is 61.5 pounds of plastic per person per year.
9. With the growth in consumption, plastic production in India is likely to grow by 60 % to touch 12.75 million tonne by 2012, according to a industry body.

so that's all guyz.... I'll be back soon with the Effects of plastic...Do read it and get some time to comment on it...your suggestions are most welcome......

Keep tracking...
Take care of You and Our Earth...



SOURCES:

1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic
2. Medical Device Market Research. LLC, April 2004
3. Society of Plastics Engineers
4. http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com

(2)Save Papers otherwise our Upcoming Generations will find it in Museum!

Remedies:

so people here i come with the solutions of paper waste problems,which i mentioned in my last blog....

http://youriota.blogspot.in/2012/09/save-papers-otherwise-our-upcoming.html

so according to you what solutions we can opt??....any guess??
the first few ideas came into your mind are, Recycling, Paper Alternatives, Use of Electronic   Media and blah blah....

so let's discuss about all of those solutions you can Go for...

Paper Alternatives

You'll be happy to know that a growing number of companies are producing "tree-free" paper alternatives. Here are some ingredients to look for the next time you buy stationery, envelopes, notepads, or folders:

• Post-Consumer Waste : 
    "Post-consumer waste" is the paper you throw out or recycle. Buying paper made from a   high percentage of post-consumer waste helps reduce the number of trees needed to make paper "from scratch." It also saves energy and keeps paper out of the landfill.
• Hemp:
  Hemp produces its own natural pesticide, and grows so quickly it produces twice  as much fiber per acre as pine.Paper, clothing, and other materials made from hemp are increasingly available from many manufacturers in the U.S.; hemp continues to be grown in several countries around the world.
  
  
• Kenaf :
  Kenaf, a cousin to the cotton plant, uses 15-25% less energy than pine to make pulp.
  
  
• Bamboo:
  This fast-growing grass produces 4 to 5 times the fiber of the fastest-growing commercial tree species.
  
  
• Agri-Pulp:
  Agri-pulp combines agricultural waste along with post-consumer waste to make paper.
  
  
  

                                         Believe It or Not ! ! !

It takes 60% less energy to manufacture paper from 

recycled stock than from virgin materials.

Paper Recycling

Paper suitable for recycling is called "scrap paper", often used to produce molded pulp packaging.There are three categories of paper that can be used as feedstocks for making recycled paper:

1.Mill broke    2.Pre-consumer waste    3. Post-consumer

with paper recycling following Major problems can be minimized to a very big level...

1.Energy

Energy consumption is reduced by recycling. The Energy Information Administration claims a 40% reduction in energy when paper is recycled versus paper made with unrecycled pulp, while the Bureau of International Recycling (BIR) claims a 64% reduction.Some calculations show that recycling 1 ton of newspaper saves about 4,000 kWh (14 GJ) of electricity.This is enough electricity to power a 3-bedroom European house for an entire year, or enough energy to heat and air-condition the avg North American home for almost six months.

2.Landfill use

About 35% of municipal solid waste (before recycling) by weight is paper and paper products

3.Water and air pollution

The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has found that recycling causes 35% less water pollution and 74% less air pollution than making virgin paper. Pulp mills can be sources of both air and water pollution, especially if they are producing bleached pulp. Modern mills produce considerably less pollution than those of a few decades ago

• Regional Paper Recycling Figures

1.European Union

The recycling rate in Europe reached 64.5% in 2007, which confirms that the industry is on the path to meeting its voluntary target of 66% by 2010.

2.Japan

According to the Yomiuri Shimbun, in 2008, eight paper manufacturers in Japan have admitted to intentionally mislabeling recycled paper products, exaggerating the amount of recycled paper used

3.United States

Recycling has long been practiced in the United States. The history of paper recycling has several dates of importance:

• 1690: The first paper mill to use recycled linen was established by the Rittenhouse family.
• 1896: The first major recycling center was started by the Benedetto family in New York City, where they collected rags, newspaper, and trash with a pushcart.
• 1993: The first year when more paper was recycled than was buried in landfills.

Today, over half of the paper used in the United States is collected and recycled.Paper products are still the largest component of municipal solid waste, making up more than 40% of the composition of landfills.In 2006, a record 53.4% of the paper used in the US (or 53.5 million tons) was recovered for recycling.This is up from a 1990 recovery rate of 33.5%.

4.Mexico

In Mexico, recycled paper, rather than wood pulp, is the principal feedstock in papermills accounting for about 75% of raw materials

Some Amazing facts about Paper Recycling:

• Recycling one ton of paper saves 682.5 gallons of oil, 7,000 gallons of water, 3.3 cubic yards of landfill space.Recycling half the world's paper would free 20 million acres of forestland.
• 3 cubic yards of landfill space can be saved by one ton of recycled paper.Recycled paper requires 64% less energy than making paper from virgin wood pulp.
• 77% in the Netherlands,67% in Germany,52% in Japan, and 45% of paper is recycled in the US.The post-consumer recycling rate for old newsprint in the US in 1990, 1992, and 1994 was 38%, 47%,and 45% respectively
• Paper had an overall recycling rate of 35.3% in 1994. About 55.3% of corrugated boxes, 45.3% of newspapers, 19.3% of books, 30% of magazines,and 42.5% of office papers were recycled in.
• Americans consume more paper than the citizens of most other countries. Compared with the 1994 world average of 97 pounds, the United States per capita consumption of paper is more than 700 pounds, about 2 pounds-per-person-per-day. Per capita consumption of paper in the United States has grown 43 percent since 1980.
• In the US, 9,190 million tons of office paper was generated, and 4,220 million tons were recovered in 2002. In 2000, only 4,545 million tons were recovered.If everyone in the US sent one less holiday card, we would save over 50,000 cubic yards of paper.

                     


          other than above methods What Else We can do?

• Select a good paper:
   If choosing bleached paper, select one that is either totally chlorine-free (TCF) or process chlorine-free (PCF). Bleaching paper with chlorine creates a serious carcinogen called dioxin. Chlorine-free processes use oxygen, hydrogen peroxide or other compounds that do not produce such dangerous byproducts.
   
• Save on transportation:
  Buy paper from the company whose distribution source is closest to you. You'll save on transportation costs and minimize air pollution from truck emissions.
• Use electronic media:
  Make greater use of electronic media and limit the number of E-mail messages you print out.
• ·      Encourage others:
  Share the benefits of using paper alternatives with friends, colleagues and associates so they can do their part to save forests and enjoy trees.

So Here the Paper Saving Campaign Ends  !!

I hope you people Definitely don't want to Make this Paper a HISTORY for our next Generations....so start from Today itself and do whatever you can to save papers....

                                                  Good Luck !!


Please Do read it and Comment!!

Sources:

1. Save Our Planet : 750 Everyday Ways You Can Help Clean Up The Earth !
2.  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia
3. The Recycler's Handbook, 1990
4. Environmental Health and Safety Online (MSW Report)
5. Worldwatch Institute
6. Washington Post
7. American Forest and Paper Association
8. Environmental Defense Fund, Champion Paper Mills
9. North Carolina Office of Waste Reduction and Recycling

(1)Save Papers otherwise our Upcoming Generations will find it in Museum!

EXCUSES:


Do we ever even mind about those no of papers we generally crumble up??

The paper cuttings,paper wastes,paper packets of goods....we hardly care about all those Garbage THINGS...We even don't want to know about all this thing...because there are Garbage companies,Municipals,Government and other authorities to take care of all this...but i think this carelessness will be hazardous!!

Did You Know?

The average office employee usees approximately 10,000 sheets of paper a year, 

creating a stack almost four feet high.

before a decade this Careless Attitude could be tolerable...but in present and Future,do you really think this attitude is going to work any more?...........
my friend the answer is Straight NO!

Let me show you  HOW?

Due to Paper wastes very serious problems like Deforestation, Air pollution, Water pollution occurs and like other wastes it also  faces the additional hazard of toxic inks, dyes and polymers that could be potentially carcinogenic when incinerated or co mingled with groundwater via traditional burial methods such as modern landfills. 
Waste water discharges for a pulp and paper mill contains solids, nutrients and dissolved organic matter, and unless at low levels. Nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus can cause eutrophication of fresh water bodies such as lakes and rivers.



today i'v got some interesting data and want to share all this with you People....

• Paper manufacturing is the largest industrial user of water per pound of finished products.
• It is estimated that 95% of business information is still stored on paper.
• The average daily web user prints 28 pages daily and 115 billion sheets of paper are used annually for personal computers.   ( Gartner group and HP)
• Average worldwide annual paper consumption is 48 KG per person with North America accounting for over 1/3 (only 333 KG in USA) .The average American attorney uses one ton of paper every year and Employees at American financial businesses generate about 2 lbs. of paper a day/person.
• 700 pounds of paper are consumed by the average American each year and the US uses  25% of the world's paper products. The US uses approx. 68 million trees each year to produce 17 billion catalogues and 65 billion pieces of direct mail.
• Paper and paper products accounts for more than 
• 1/3 of all Canada’s waste.
• Canada uses
 
• 6 million tonnes of paper and 
• paperboard annually. Only 1/4 of Canada’s 
• waste 
• paper and paperboard is recycled.
• Asia has surpassed Western Europe in paper consumption and will soon surpass the United States.
• 10,000 trees are cut down annually in China to make holiday cards .
   (Xinhua News Agency)
• Although paper is traditionally identified with reading and writing,communications has now been 
• replaced by packaging as the single largest category 
• of paper use at 41% of all paper used.
• Worldwide consumption of paper has risen by 400% in the past 40 years, with 35% of harvested trees being used for paper manufacture.
• Paper waste accounts for up to 40% of total waste in the United States, which adds up to 71.6 million tons of waste per year in the United States alone.
• Waste water discharges for a pulp and paper mill contains solids, nutrients and dissolved organic matter, and unless at low levels.
• Today, 90 per cent of paper pulp is made of wood.
• Paper manufacture is estimated to account for 
• nearly 13 per cent of total wood use, and represents 
• one per cent of the world's total economic output.

Vol - 2 Coming Soon!




Sources

:

1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia  , 
2. International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED) London,September'96
   http://www.iied.org/  ,
3. World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987
   www.wsu.edu/~susdev/WCED87.html
4. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 1997
   http://www.fao.org/about/en/
5. American Forest and Paper Association
6. Environmental Defense Fund, Champion Paper Mills